Indiana Law Update Blog - Price Waicukauski & Riley Legal Blog

Fact Witnesses Cannot Give Expert Opinions

February 8, 2012

The title of this post makes the 7th Circuit's recent decision in Tribble v. Evangelides, ___ F.3d ___ (7th Cir. 2012), Cause No. 10-3262, sound almost prosaic. However, all is not what it appears to be. What actually happened in this case is quite interesting.

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In 2006, Tribble was arrested by two police officers for drinking in a public way and a search incident to his arrest turned up a herion packet and a baggie of crack cocaine, cauing drug possession charges to be added. The drinking charge was dismissed by the prosecutor. At a preliminary hearing, the judge concluded that there was no probable cause for the drug charges and the remaining charges were dismissed.

Tribble subsequently filed a suit against the officers, claiming that they violated his rights by arresting him without probable cause. At trial, Tribble planned to introduce evidence that the state court judge concluded at the preliminary hearing that there was no probable cause. The defense planned to call a law student who had questioned one of the officers at the hearing under the supervision of a prosecutor to testify that "these charges are traditionally thrown out" in that court. The district court refused to allow this testimony and barred any evidence about why the state court judge reached the conclusion he did.

A week before trial, the defendants were allowed to replace the law student on the witness list with the prosecutor because the law student was unavailable to testify. Notably, the prosecutor was listed as a fact witness, not an expert witness.

At trial, the prosecutor testified that many of the drug charges in the state trial court involving low gram weight were thrown out on probable cause grounds, regardless of their merits, and that Tribble's charges involved low gram weights. The district court overruled Tribble's objections, holding that the prosecutor never offered an opinion. According to the district court, "[she] testified as to her experience on the narcotics call in the state court, offering factual statements based on her personal observations." The jury returned a defense verdict.

Tribble appealed and the 7th Circuit held that the trial court erred in multiple ways. First, it erred by concluding that the prosecutor did not offer an opinion.

It is true that "the distinction between fact and opinion is, at best, one of degree," Beech Aircraft Corp. v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153, 168 (1988) (citing treatises), but the lead-up to the challenged testimony made it clear that Ebersole was being asked to summarize her experiences in Branch 50 and draw conclusions about how, in general, she believed it operated. Broad generalizations and abstract conclusions are textbook examples of opinion testimony. That should have prompted the district court to consider whether her testimony was admissible under FRE 701 as lay opinion or had to pass the more rigorous standards of FRE 702. See Beech Aircraft Corp., 488 U.S. at 168.

Not only was the prosecutor's testimony an opinion; it was an expert opinion because it was "a prosecutor's-eye view" of how that state court worked. This led to the district court's second error--allowing this testimony despite the fact that the prosecutor had only been disclosed as a fact witness, rather than an expert witness. As this testimony "was critical to [the defendants'] theory of the case," it was prejudicial to allow it. This was not helped by what the Court called the "willfulness in defendants' failure to disclose Ebersole as an expert."

They knew that they wanted to elicit exactly the testimony that they did-—it was the subject of a pretrial ruling against them—-but, nevertheless, they did not disclose Ebersole as an expert. That would have been impossible, of course, without asking the court to revisit its ruling in limine. But that could have been done. Instead defendants pressed their luck at trial and, temporarily at least, got away with it.

This case highlights the problems associated with sharp practice. As the Court pointed out, the defendants tried to get around the district court's in limine ruling without actually challenging it outright. While the district court allowed them to get away with it, the Seventh Circuit was not so lenient. This means that all of the parties must spend the time and resources on another trial--expenses which would have been unnecessary had defense counsel not engaged in those same sharp practices.

Lessons:

Broad generalizations and abstract conclusions are examples of opinion testimony.
An opinion is not a lay opinion if an untrained layman could not make if perceiving the same acts or events.

Brad A. Catlin
Price Waicukauski & Riley, LLC
Learn more about Brad and contact us

TAG 7th Circuit, Expert Disclosure, Opinion Testimony

Non-Doctors Can Give Expert Opinions on Medical Causation

Evidence/Expert Testimony

February 5, 2012

Last week, the Indiana Supreme Court decided a pair of cases using the same principal; a non-medical expert can give an opinion on medical causation. While the Court's decisions in Bennett v. Richmond, ___ N.E.2d ___ (Ind. 2012), and Person v. Shipley, ___ N.E.2d ___ (Ind. 2012), support this principal, they do not describe the scope of this principal, leaving those answers to further litigation.

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Lessons:

A trial court may allow non-medical experts to give opinions on medical causation if the expert otherwise meets the qualifications of Evid. R. 702.

Brad A. Catlin
Price Waicukauski & Riley, LLC
Learn more about Brad and contact us

TAG Causation, Expert Testimony, IN Court of Appeals, Medical Injury

Testimony Regarding a Doctor Should Have Performed an Operation Does Not Address Whether That Operation Was Performed Negligently

Evidence/Expert Testimony

December 7, 2011

A medical review panel unanimously found that a doctor did not have proper training to perform a particular surgery on a patient. Is this be sufficient to get the plaintiff past summary judgment in a medical malpractice case? In Martinex v. Park, ___ N.E.2d ___ (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), Cause No. 45A05-1012-CT-799, the Court said it was not, because it did not establish causation.

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Dr. Park performed a breast reduction on Ms. Martinez, but she was unhappy with the results and filed a proposed complaint with the IDOI. The medical review panel unanimously found that Dr. Park

failed to comply with the appropriate standard of care as charged in the complaint as it relates to the lack of appropriate recognized post-graduate training and residency in plastic and reconstructive surgery. The conduct complained of was a factor of the resultant damage.

Martinez then filed a medical malpractice action against Dr. Park and identified the members of the medical review panel as her experts. Dr. Park moved for summary judgment, arguing that the opinion of the medical review panel did not establish causation because they did not opine that he acted negligently during the surgery. The Court agreed.

Martinez's argument on summary judgment, as on appeal, fails to recognize that there is a distinction "between the fact of a surgery being performed and the manner in which the surgery is performed." Hamilton v. Ashton, 850 N.E.2d 466, 467 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (opinion on reh’g) (emphasis in original). Martinez's complaint raises an issue with regard to the manner in which Dr. Park performed the surgery; Dr. Park's designated expert affidavit avers that he did not breach the standard of care in the manner in which he performed the surgery or provided pre- and post-operative care. The medical review panel opinion and Martinez's expert affidavit address only the fact of the surgery; that is, given his training, knowledge, and expertise, should Dr. Park have performed the breast reduction surgery Neither addresses the manner in which Dr. Park actually performed the surgery itself.

The Court affirmed the trial court's decision to grant summary judgment to Dr. Park.

I have some sympathy for Martinez in this situation. After all, it is arguably reasonable to infer that a bad result from a surgery performed by an inadequately trained doctor was caused by that doctor's negligence. However, the Court is unwilling to make that deduction. Parties should, therefore, carefully examine their evidence to make sure that they are proving exactly and directly what they intend to prove.

Lesson:

Proof that a particular person should not have performed a task does not prove that the task was performed improperly.

Brad A. Catlin
Price Waicukauski & Riley, LLC
Learn more about Brad and contact us

TAG Causation, IN Court of Appeals, Medical Malpractice, Negligence

Expert's Testimony Admissible Despite the Fact that It Doesn't Meet Daubert Standards

Evidence/Expert Testimony

September 28, 2011

Today, the Indiana Supreme Court issued an important decision reaffirming its approach to expert scientific evidence in Turner v. State, ___ N.E.2d ___ (Ind. 2011), Cause No. 49S00-0912-CR-565, in which it held that an expert's opinion was admissible despite the fact that it may not have the test for admissibility of expert testimony set forth in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).

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Turner was a criminal case in which the defendant was charged with murder, felony murder, criminal confinement, robbery, and burglary and found guilty of all charges. At trial, the State presented the testimony of a firearms and tool mark examiner, who testified that a mark on an unfired cartridge found where the defendant slept the night after the crime matched the marks on four discharged cartridges found the scene of the crime and that these marks were all caused by the same weapon. Turner challenged this testimony, because it did not meet the standards for scientific reliability set forth in Daubert. The trial court admitted this testimony and the defendant appealed.

On appeal, the Court restated that Indiana's courts are not bound by Daubert and that Indiana Evid. R. 702 does not "interpose an unnecessarily burdensome procedure or methodology [on] trial courts." Thus, whether the expert's testimony satisfied Daubert was not dispositive.

[I]t is not dispositive for our purposes whether Putzek's theory or technique can be and has been tested, whether the theory has been subjected to peer review and publication, whether there is a known or potential error rate, and whether the theory has been generally accepted within the relevant field of study. ... The uncertainty of Putzek's opinion, as well as the lack of formal testing and his inability to
pinpoint other research, all inform the fact finder's judgment on weighing this evidence, but does not render the evidence inadmissible.

... Here, the conceptual basis for linking tool marks without a "known tool" is the same as that for linking tool marks with a known tool, and the trial court could reasonably have concluded that the concepts of the field could be applied to reach the conclusion given. The linkage demonstrated is simply weaker where no weapon is available for comparison purposes. This goes to the weight, not the admissibility, of the evidence.

This opinion strongly favors the admissibility of expert testimony, allowing the fact-finder, rather than the trial court, to sort things out. All of the defendant's challenges to the reliability of the expert's testimony went to the weight, not the admissibility, of that testimony. This is a case that every attorney who is relying on the testimony of an expert should be prepared to cite in defense of the admissibility of that expert's opinion.

Lessons:

Scientific evidence should not be excluded in Indiana's state courts simply because it does not meet the standards for admissibility described in Daubert.
The Indiana Supreme Court strongly favors allowing a jury to sort through the weight to be given to expert testimony.

Brad A. Catlin
Price Waicukauski & Riley, LLC
Learn more about Brad and contact us

TAG Daubert, Expert Testimony, IN Supreme Court, Reliability

Expert in Federal Court Must Provide More Than Just Conclusions

Evidence/Expert Testimony

April 19, 2011

Today, the Seventh Circuit held that a district court properly granted summary judgment to a defendant because a plaintiff's expert asserted causation without explaining his rationale in Bourke v. Conger, ___ F.3d ___ (7th Cir. 2011), Cause No. 09-3859. This is a mistake which you shouldn't make, especially under the new FRCP 26.

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In this case, a man was convicted of murder and sued his defense counsel for malpractice. The defendants moved for summary judgment and the plaintiff submitted an expert report that described why the defendants did not meet the applicable standard of care and asserted that this caused the jury to find the plaintiff guilty. The district court granted the motion for summary judgment.

On appeal, the Court affirmed the district court's judgment because the expert's report did not sufficiently describe why the expert believed that the defendant's conduct caused the jury to find the plaintiff guilty.

Bourke depended exclusively on Thomas's expert report to establish the causation element of his claim. While expert testimony is one of the types of evidence that a plaintiff like Bourke could normally rely on to ward off summary judgment, it is well established that an expert report that lacks foundation and depth will be given little consideration by courts. In order for "an expert report to create a genuine issue of fact, it must provide not merely ... conclusions, but the basis for the conclusions." As the district court noted, the Thomas report does not support its conclusion that the Appellees' performance during voir dire caused the jury to find Bourke guilty with analysis, facts or reasoning. While the report
discusses various ways in which the Appellees could have better represented Bourke's interests ..., this discussion only goes towards establishing that the Appellees breached their duty to Bourke, not causation. The Thomas report fails to identify facts that support its conclusion that the Appellees' alleged errors had any role in causing the jury to find Bourke guilty. This shortcoming prevents the Thomas report from creating a genuine, disputed issue of fact concerning causation. Because of this flaw and the fact that Bourke did not present the court with any other evidence relevant to this element of his prima facie case, it was appropriate for the district court to grant summary judgment against Bourke's claim.

Under the recent amendment to FRCP 26(b)(4)(B), drafts of experts reports are non-discoverable work product. Therefore, if you are representing a client in federal court, make sure to work with your expert to ensure that he fully describes the rationale behind each of his expert conclusions in his report. There's no excuse for having an expert report that offers an insufficient basis for the expert's conclusions.

Lessons:

Make sure your experts fully describe the rationale for their conclusions in their expert reports.

Brad A. Catlin
Price Waicukauski & Riley, LLC
Learn more about Brad and contact us
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TAG 7th Circuit, Expert Report, Expert Witness

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In Indiana, an Expert's Scientific Evidence Does Not Need to Meet Daubert Standard

Evidence/Expert Testimony

January 25, 2011

Today, the Indiana Court of Appeals held that scientific testimony does not need to meet the standard described in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), to be admissible under Evid. R. 702(b) in Akey v. Parkview Hospital, Inc., 941 N.E.2d 540 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), Case No. 02A04-1007-CT-44. Thus, a doctor could provide his expert testimony on causation because he described his reasoning and methodologies and that the evidence provided a reasonable amount of confidence that the principles upon which his opinion was based was reliable.

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Akey is a medical malpractice case arising out of an error in the administration of medicine to an elderly patient in the hospital, shortly after which the patient died. The defendants moved for summary judgment and argued that the plaintiff's expert's (Mirro) opinion was inadmissible. The trial court agreed that the expert's opinion was inadmissible and granted the motion for summary judgment.

On appeal, the plaintiff argued that the trial court erred in excluding its expert's opinion. The defendants argued that the expert's opinion on causation was not based on reliable scientific principles pursuant to Rule 702(b). The Court noted the Daubert standards for admissibility of expert scientific opinion, but also that the Indiana Supreme Court has not mandated the application of Daubert and has chosen alternative approaches in the past. It applied this alternative standard to determine whether the expert's opinion should have been excluded.

In this case, Akey attached to his summary judgment filings an affidavit by Mirro. In addition, the Hospital, McEowen, and Physicians took Mirro's deposition, and the parties provided excerpts from his deposition to the trial court in their summary judgment filings. In his affidavit submitted in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, Mirro stated that his expert opinions were based on his "education, training, and experience and are expressed within a reasonable degree of medical certainty." The evidence reveals that Mirro, in addition to being a board certified cardiologist who maintains a private practice, is also a clinical professor at the Indiana University School of Medicine. He is also certified as a specialist in geriatric internal medicine. Mirro has conducted clinical research projects on a number of medications and participated in a published paper on the hemorrhagic complications of thrombolytic therapy. In his deposition, Mirro clarified the basis for his expert opinion ... . Mirro also testified that he had reviewed a series of trials between 2001 and 2005 regarding the use of thrombolytic therapy in comparison with heart catheterizations that shaped his opinion on the use of thrombolytic therapy to treat elderly patients. We conclude that this evidence ... adequately describes the reasoning and methodologies upon which Mirro's scientific evidence is based. We further conclude that the evidence provides a reasonable amount of confidence that the principles upon which Mirro's opinion is based are reliable.

Although there was a scientific study contradicting the expert's opinion on causation, this went to the weight of that opinion, not its admissibility. The requirement that a scientific expert's opinion be based on reliable scientific principles independent of the expert's expertise in the field,

that rationale is not cause for us to reject the proposition that a witness's education, experience, knowledge and training is adequate to permit the trier of fact to give such weight and credence to the opinion testimony as it is inclined to do. This is not an opening of the door to "junk science" nor to unreliable and unsupported opinions. It is merely an acceptance that reasonable expert opinions are not to be summarily excluded on grounds that the opinion has not been subjected to general acceptance by others in the field or proved by testing and peer review. Such opinions, so long as not based wholly upon speculation and conjecture, are entitled to be given due consideration.

The Court's discussion of the admissibility of scientific expert opinion under Rule 702(b) is explicitly based on the Indiana Supreme Court's failure to expressly adopt Daubert in Indiana. Moreover, the manner in which it ruled on the admissibility of this expert's opinion will make it easier for parties to introduce the opinions of experts who may not pass muster under Daubert. Therefore, someone opposing the admissibility of an expert's opinion under Rule 702(b) in Indiana state court should focus on the confidence that can be placed in the principles that the expert relies upon, rather than the quality of that expert's reasoning.

Lessons:

Indiana's courts do not follow Daubert when ruling on the admissibility of scientific expert opinion under Evid. R. 702(b).
A scientific expert's opinion will be admitted if the expert adequately describes the reasoning and methodologies upon which the scientific evidence is based and a reasonable amount of confidence can be placed on the reliability of the principles upon which the opinion is based.

Brad A. Catlin
Price Waicukauski & Riley, LLC
Learn more about Brad and contact us
Download a copy of this article here

TAG Daubert, Expert, IN Court of Appeals, Reliability, Scientific Testimony

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Questions About the Testing Methods Used by an Expert Must Be Substantial to Justify the Exclusion of Those Results

Evidence/Expert Testimony

October 6, 2010

Today, the Indiana Court of Appeals addressed the admissibility of DNA evidence under Evid. R. 702 in Kennedy v. State, 934 N.E.2d 779 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), Case No. 89A04-0907-CR-380. That decision is in a criminal case and deals with criminal issues that are, frankly, not the focus of our efforts. However, the way that the Court dealt with the admissibility of the DNA evidence under the Rules of Evidence is universally applicable.

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In this case, Kennedy was charged with conspiracy to commit robbery. When investigating the case, the State began conducting DNA testing on an item of evidence used in the robbery. Indiana State Police ("ISP") lab DNA analyst Nicole Keeling first analyzed a swab from the asphalt to determine what DNA alleles were present at each of fifteen different loci used in making DNA identifications. She then compared those loci and their alleles to a sample of the victim's DNA, identified that the victim was the source of the major DNA profile found on the item to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty, but also indicated that there were extra alleles found on the item, not consistent with the victim's DNA profile, that led her to believe there was a minor contributor of a different DNA profile on the item. The State then compared Kennedy's DNA to that on the item and Keeling concluded that Kennedy "cannot be excluded as a possible contributor of the additional alleles" found on the item.

Kennedy moved to exclude Keeling's conclusions regarding the DNA evidence because the manner in which Keeling had conducted her analysis did not comport with accepted scientific principles. The trial court denied that motion and the evidence was admitted at trial over Kennedy's objections. At trial, Kennedy presented as a witness Ranajit Chakraborty, a nationally-recognized DNA analysis expert who expressed strong disagreement with the manner in which Keeling conducted parts of her testing. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found that Kennedy was guilty and he appealed.

On appeal, the court first dealt with an argument about the admission of this evidence on procedural grounds for alleged violation of discovery rules. After concluding that Kennedy was not prejudiced by the alleged late disclosure, the Court turned to whether the trial court erred in concluding that Keeling's test results were sufficiently scientifically reliable to be admissible.

Although he was arguing that the evidence should be excluded, Kennedy conceded that Keeling was qualified as an expert in the field of DNA forensic analysis and that the lab at which the testing was performed is properly accredited and has adopted scientifically acceptable methods for DNA testing. The Court then noted that Keeling utilized a testing method that had passed general muster in Indiana for scientific reliability and admissibility in evidence at trial. Therefore, the Court's analysis focused on whether there were substantial irregularities in the testing process used by Keeling.

After describing, in detail, the nature of the dispute about the testing process used by Keeling, the Court concluded that the trial court did not err in admitting the evidence.

Kennedy is challenging the very highly technical details of how Keeling conducted her testing. We believe this is the very reason the rules of evidence provide for expert witness testimony. The details of how DNA testing is conducted are beyond the ready grasp of laypersons, or judges and lawyers for that matter. Furthermore, DNA testing is not always a black-and-white science. Keeling, whom Kennedy recognizes as a qualified expert in this field, testified that DNA analysts almost always have to exercise some degree of discretion in testing. Chakraborty also agreed that trained and qualified DNA analysts can have reasonable disagreements regarding proper test results. We believe this clearly is a case where the dispute between Keeling and Chakraborty regarding the precise details of her testing methods goes to the weight of her results, not their admissibility. Kennedy was permitted to and in fact did present to the jury a detailed critique of Keeling's methods. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the results into evidence.

The Court's decision in this case further helps define the bar that counsel must reach in order to exclude the testing results of a qualified expert using an approved testing process. Any irregularities in the testing procedure used must be substantial and the opponent of that evidence must be able to clearly demonstrate this to the Court. The failure to do so will mean that the evidence will still get to the jury.

Lessons:

A litigant who is challenging the conclusions of a qualified, scientific expert who used approved testing procedures must demonstrate that there were substantial irregularities with the testing procedure used in this case, which makes the results unreliable.

Brad A. Catlin
Price Waicukauski & Riley, LLC
Learn more about Brad and contact us
Download a copy of this article here

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7th Circuit Propounds Test for when a Treating Physician Must File a Formal Report under Rule 26(a)(2)(B)

Evidence/Expert Testimony

September 1, 2010

On August 30, 2010, the Seventh Circuit determined, for the first time, when a treating physician who provides an expert opinion as to causation is required to file a formal report under Rule 26(a)(2)(B) in Meyers v. Nat'l RR. Passenger Corp. (Amtrak), 619 F.3d 729 (7th Cir. 2010), Case No. 09-3323. To put the matter simply, "a treating physician who is offered to provide expert testimony as to the cause of the plaintiff's injury, but who did not make that determination in the course of providing treatment" must file such a report.

more..

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In Meyers, the plaintiff brought an occupational injury lawsuit against his employer, Amtrak, under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (“FELA”). In response to a motion for summary judgment filed by Amtrak, the plaintiff offered, inter alia, expert testimony from his treating physicians to prove causation between Amtrak’s actions, or lack thereof, and his injuries. Amtrak moved to strike the reports of these experts as non-compliant with Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2). The district court granted that motion and awarded summary judgment in its entirety to Amtrak. The plaintiff appealed.

On appeal, the Court recognized that it had not yet spoken on whether a treating physician is "is one retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony in the case or one whose duties as the party’s employee regularly involve giving expert testimony" and, therefore, subject to the disclosure requirements of Rule 26(a)(2).

We resolve this outstanding issue today by concluding that a treating physician who is offered to provide expert testimony as to the cause of the plaintiff's injury, but who did not make that determination in the course of providing treatment, should be deemed to be one "retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony in the case," and thus is required to submit an expert report in accordance with Rule 26(a)(2).

The plaintiff "present[ed] no evidence ... suggesting that either doctor previously considered or determined the cause of Meyers’s injuries during the course of treatment." Therefore, the Court held that the opinions were properly stricken.

The lesson from this case is clear -- a plaintiff who does not wish to make the Rule 26(a)(2) disclosures regarding the opinions of a treating physician must demonstrate that the doctor's opinion was formed "in the course of providing treatment." However, the details about how this will actually play out in litigation are less clear. Those who choose to take advantage of the safe harbor offered by the Court's decision should ideally have the expert's report describe why the causation determination was made in the course of providing treatment. If this cannot be done, then the proponent of that expert must make some other sort of showing on this issue, lest the expert be stricken.

Lessons:

A treating physician's opinion on causation must have been made in the course of providing treatment if it is not disclosed in accordance with Rule 26(a)(2).

Brad A. Catlin
Price Waicukauski & Riley, LLC
Learn more about Brad and contact us
Download a copy of this article here

TAG 7th Circuit, Rule 26(a)(2)(B), Treating Physician

Trackback Address :: http://www.indianalawupdate.com/trackback/56

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Psychologist Not Qualified to Give Expert Opinion on Causation of a Brain Injury

Evidence/Expert Testimony

August 13, 2010

Today, the Indiana Court of Appeals issued an opinion in Bennett v. Richmond, 932 N.E.2d 704 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), Case No. 20A03-0906-CV-285, which held that a trial court had abused its discretion when it allowed a psychologist to provide an expert opinion on whether a motor vehicle accident caused a brain injury. While stating that testimony of a medical doctor is not strictly necessary, the psychologist had not demonstrated the requisite expertise.

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In this case, a man was rear-ended while driving a van. As a result of that collision, Richmond sustained injuries to his neck and back, so he brought suit against the other driver. Pursuant to a referral by his attorney, the plaintiff underwent a neuropsychological evaluation with a psychologist "to determine the presence and possible degree of disability associated with a closed head injury sustained in an automobile accident." The psychologist concluded, inter alia, that "the accident produced the brain injury." The defendant moved to strike the psychologist's testimony because he was not competent to testify regarding medical diagnosis. The trial court denied this motion after a hearing and allowed the psychologist to testify on these issues at trial over objection. The defendant appealed.

On appeal, the Court noted that the medical cause of a brain injury "is generally exclusively within the purview of medical doctors." While the Court refused to hold that a psychologist is per se unqualified to give such testimony, it held that this particular psychologist had not demonstrated that he is qualified to opine on causation in this case.

Dr. McCabe testified only that, in his professional continuing education courses, he has "touched on subjects that relate to evaluation of traumatic brain injuries" and that he has received referrals from two Elkhart neurologists. We hold that the trial court abused its discretion when it permitted Dr. McCabe to testify that Richmond sustained a brain injury as a result of the accident with Bennett. ...

While, generally speaking, Dr. McCabe demonstrated that he would have been qualified to opine that Richmond's test results indicate that he has sustained a brain injury from an unknown cause, absent qualifications in determining the etiology of brain injuries, Dr. McCabe's testimony went too far in identifying the May 2004 accident as the cause of Richmond's alleged brain injury.

The Court then went on hold that the psychologist's testimony had no probative value.

At trial, Dr. McCabe presented a video explaining how even a minor whiplash injury can result in brain damage. But Dr. McCabe did not testify regarding the mechanics of the vehicular accident in this case to demonstrate how the impact might have resulted in Richmond's brain damage. For instance, Dr. McCabe did not describe the speed or force of the impact of the collision between the vehicles.

Instead, Dr. McCabe offered a simple inferential analysis of the cause of Richmond's alleged brain injury based upon Richmond's lack of any history of memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, headaches, or other symptoms prior to the May 2004 accident. Dr. McCabe testified that "[g]iven the absence of any of the symptoms of this condition prior to the accident, either in his report, the medical record, or the observations of his wife, it seems evident that the accident produced the brain injury." His opinion was not based on clinical medical evidence of the alleged injury. Under the circumstances, his opinion is "nothing more than 'subjective belief' and 'unsupported speculation' which is not the proper subject of expert testimony under Daubert[.]"

The first part of this decision will be helpful to members of the bar generally, because it clarifies that an expert who is not a doctor will only be competent to testify regarding the causation of most medical conditions if that expert can show qualifications in determining the etiology of the particular medical condition in question. However, it is the Court's holding that the psychologist's testimony had no probative value that is likely to be affect litigation more. Defendants in personal injury cases will use this case to argue that no expert can testify on issues of causation of an injury unless that person has the requisite medical qualifications and can provide more than an inferential analysis of the cause of the injury. While the opinion gives room for plaintiffs to dispute this argument, it will have an effect on the value of any particular personal injury claim going forward.

Lessons:

An expert must have qualifications in determining the etiology of an injury in order to provide an opinion on the causation of that injury.
An expert must base an opinion on the causation of a physical injury on more than an inferential analysis.

Brad A. Catlin
Price Waicukauski & Riley, LLC
Learn more about Brad and contact us
Download a copy of this article here

TAG IN Court of Appeals, Medical Causation

Trackback Address :: http://www.indianalawupdate.com/trackback/48

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9 entries in 'Evidence/Expert Testimony'

Fact Witnesses Cannot Give Expert Opinions

Non-Doctors Can Give Expert Opinions on Medical Causation

Testimony Regarding a Doctor Should Have Performed an Operation Does Not Address Whether That Operation Was Performed Negligently

Expert's Testimony Admissible Despite the Fact that It Doesn't Meet Daubert Standards

Expert in Federal Court Must Provide More Than Just Conclusions

Subject: robert pattinson and kristen stewart

Subject: icloud apple

Subject: ernest hemingway

Subject: paul revere

Subject: paul revere

Subject: horton

Subject: horton

Subject: emily maynard

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Subject: congressman weiner

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Subject: history

Subject: psychology

Subject: skeletal system

Subject: science

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Subject: mlb draft

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Subject: mark jackson

Subject: scientific method

Subject: mlb draft

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In Indiana, an Expert's Scientific Evidence Does Not Need to Meet Daubert Standard

Subject: mila kunis

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Subject: horton

Subject: andrew breitbart

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Subject: emily maynard

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Subject: icloud

Subject: sign language

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Subject: congressman weiner

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