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Motion under 12(B)(1) Can Be Converted to a 12(B)(6), But the 12(B)(1) Evidence Must Be Ignored If the Parties Are Not Afforded the Opportunity to Present Rule 56 Materials

September 22, 2010

In West v. Wadlington, 933 N.E.2d 1274 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), Case. No. 49S02-1009-CV-509, decided earlier today, the Indiana Supreme Court held that a trial court did not lose jurisdiction over a defamation claim simply because the defendant raised a religious defense to the claim. The Court then refused to rule on that defense, asserting that it would be improper to convert the motion to dismiss to a motion under Trial R. 56.

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In this case, the plaintiff was a member of a church and was on two of that church's committees. The defendants were members of the same church and circulated a memorandum that West felt was defamatory. The plaintiff proceeded to bring an action for defamation and invasion of privacy against the defendants.

The defendants moved to dismiss the action against them pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 12(B)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, arguing that any adjudication of the complaint would require excessive entanglement in the church's politics and doctrine. The trial court granted that motion. The Court of Appeals reversed that decision after addressing the merits of the excessive entanglement claim. The Indiana Supreme Court then granted transfer.

The Court relied on its prior decision in Brazauskas v. Fort Wayne-South Bend Diocese, Inc., 796 N.E.2d 286 (Ind. 2003) – a case involving the dismissal of a former pastoral employee of the diocese and a claim that the First Amendment Free Exercise Clause shielded the employer‟s action – to hold that the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction over the claims, even though the defendant pleaded a religious defense. Rather, this was an issue that would properly be resolved via a motion for summary judgment. The Court then treated the 12(B)(1) motion as a motion under 12(B)(6).

When a Trial Rule 12(B)(6) motion is treated as a motion for summary judgment, the court must grant the parties a reasonable opportunity to present summary judgment materials. In this case even though a matter outside the pleading – the Larkins affidavit – was presented to and apparently not excluded by the trial court, there is nothing before us suggesting the trial court treated this matter as a motion for summary judgment. And thus there is nothing before us to suggest the trial court afforded the parties an opportunity to present Rule 56 materials in support of or in opposition to summary judgment. Instead, because the parties treated the Defendants' motion as one to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the trial court ruled accordingly. As noted above this was error. And on this ground we reverse the judgment of the trial court.

Although the Court did not explain why it was treating the 12(b)(1) motion as a motion under 12(b)(6) in West, this was the procedure followed in Brazauskas and the cases upon which Brazauskas relied.

There are a number of details within this opinion that practitioners should note. First, the Court has expressed its willingness to convert a 12(B)(1) motion to a 12(B)(6) motion if the issues in the motion are more appropriate for adjudication under Rule 12(B)(6). Moreover, the Court made this conversion without first notifying the parties of its intent to do so. However, the Court refused to look at the evidence that had been attached to the 12(B)(1) motion in the context of 12(B)(6) because the trial court did not provide the parties with the opportunity to present Rule 56 materials.

Lessons:

A court can convert a 12(B)(1) motion to a 12(B)(6) motion without prior notification if it concludes that it has subject matter jurisdiction over the claims.
Courts cannot look at evidence attached to a 12(B)(1) motion if it converts that motion to a 12(B)(6) motion unless it affords the parties an opportunity to present Rule 56 materials.

Brad A. Catlin
Price Waicukauski & Riley, LLC
Learn more about Brad and contact us
Download a copy of this article here

TAG 12(B)(1), 12(B)(6), Defamation, Excessive Entanglement, IN Supreme Court, Invasion of Privacy, Religious Defense, Subject Matter Jurisdiction, Summary Judgment

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Motion under 12(B)(1) Can Be Converted to a 12(B)(6), But the 12(B)(1) Evidence Must Be Ignored If the Parties Are Not Afforded the Opportunity to Present Rule 56 Materials

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